Top Ten Most Important U.S.-Regulated and Emerging Plant-Parasitic Nematodes

Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are important pests that cause an estimated ten billion dollars of crop loss each year in the United States and over 100 globally. The Animal Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) within U.S. Department Agriculture maintains updates Regulated Pest list. Currently, number PPNs regulated by APHIS includes more than 60 different species. This review focuses on top most economically emerging plant-parasitic summarizes diagnostics morphological some molecular features for distinguishing them. These major previously described nematode species associated with various crops from around world. also their current distribution a brief historical background updated systematic position these included this include three considered as invasive invertebrates Globodera pallida, rostochiensis, Heterodera glycines; four PPNs, namely Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, Meloidogyne fallax, Ditylenchus dipsaci, Pratylenchus fallax; chitwoodi, enterolobii, Litylenchus crenatae mccannii.